不同条件下夏玉米冠层反射光谱响应特性的研究

通过对两个年份不同牛育阶段的田间夏玉米活体进行冠层反射光谱测定,该文分析了不同空间尺度、种植密度、观测角度、生育阶段、叶面积指数KAI、氮素胁迫、叶片含水量以及与杂草共生等8个条件下的冠层反射光谱响应特性,并探讨其发生机理,研究结果表明,夏玉米在不同条件下的冠层反射光谱响应均呈现出一定的规律性.在近红外波段,其反射率值随氮肥施用量的增加而增大,尤以750～1350 nm波段,但在可见光波段,反射率值降低;随着观测探头的逐步升高,反射率值降低:随杂草量的增多,反射率值逐渐增大.这些结果揭示了高光谱遥感田间夏玉米理化信息获取的巨大潜力,同时,为以后遥感反演建模提供了依据.     

血液细胞图像分割方法综述

图像分割是图像处理的基础,是图像工程技术中的一个重要问题。本文简单介绍了图像分割的原理,系统地回顾了血液细胞图像分割的方法并进行了讨论。近年来,人们越来越重视血液细胞图像的分割算法,并期望寻求一种实时性、鲁棒性较好的算法。     

黄土高原刺槐林对土壤养分时空分布的影响

以不同树龄刺槐纯林林地和撂荒地作对比,研究了黄土高原刺槐人工林对土壤养分时空分布特征的影响。结果表明,刺槐林地土壤有机质、pH值、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性盐基总量随刺槐树龄增加无明确变化规律,土壤全磷和交换性镁含量则呈现波动性变化;刺槐林地土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮含量随土壤深度增加按幂函数衰减,有效磷含量有递减趋势,土壤全磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和交换性盐基总量随土壤深度增加无明显变化规律,而土壤pH随深度呈波动性变化;与撂荒地相比,刺槐林地土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量及交换性盐基总量分别增加21.6%~96.8%,34.3%~160.1%,191.5%~238.4%,2.1%~24.1%,19.82%~92.71%,64.2%~80.0%,25.0%~46.5%和67.2%~89.5%,表明刺槐林对改善土壤养分状况具有重要作用。     

断根与IBA处理对沙冬青根系质量及幼苗生长的影响

为解决沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)主根长、毛细根少,育苗生根困难、移栽成活率低的林业技术难题,该研究对不同发育程度沙冬青幼苗进行不同强度断根与不同浓度激素处理(IBA)添加,促根培养后测定并分析不同组合处理对沙冬青幼苗根系形态、根系质量及幼苗生长的影响,以探究沙冬青促根成活关键措施,为沙...     

Capacity constraints in operationalisation of payment for ecosystem services (PES) in India: Evidence from land degradation

The understanding of the requirement for PES and necessary capacity of stakeholders to conceive, design and execute PES, are critical to its successful operationalisation. Identification and assessment of capacity needs are also prerequisite for PES especially in a developing country like India where institutional setting and functioning are far from the desirable level. In this background, the paper begins with an introduction of the basic concept and centrality of economic valuation in PES. Next, the paper discusses the status of the land degradation problem in India and how the PES can prove to be an efficient tool to manage the declining ecosystem services due to increasing land degradation in the Country. By identifying the direct and indirect drivers of land degradation, the stage is set for designing of appropriate response options for halting the degradation of land which is not only the base of agrarian economy of India but source of livelihood options for the poor. In the subsequent section, the paper assesses the required capacity to operationalise PES in the states where the problem of land degradation is acute. This has been done on the basis of wider consultation with land users (farmers), conservation agencies, Departments of Land Agriculture and related R&D agencies through a structured questionnaire in group meetings in different parts of the Country during 2006–2007. The necessary capacity on behalf of stakeholders like the Local, State and National level institutions have been mapped out. The result from the survey suggests that while the capacity to understand the ecosystem services is adequate, the capacity to do valuation of incremental change in the ecosystem services is not sufficient and the State still needs to invest significant amount of resources before this tool can be used to manage the land based ecosystem services in India. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同生育阶段燕麦对干旱胁迫的响应

设中度干旱(MD,土壤田间最大持水量的55±5%)、重度干旱(SD,土壤田间最大持水量的35±5%)两个处理,研究干旱胁迫对温室盆栽燕麦不同生育阶段(苗期、分蘖期、拔节期)的生长性状、叶绿素荧光参数以及根系形态的影响。结果表明,与正常供水(CK)相比,干旱胁迫处理均显著(P<0.05)降低了燕麦苗期、分蘖期、拔节期3个生育阶段地上部生物量、株高以及叶片光合荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo。干旱胁迫下,燕麦根系表现出明显的形态可塑性,苗期通过增加根长、分支数和细根数(直径≤0.48mm)来响应干旱胁迫,分蘖期主要通过减少根长、分支数来响应干旱胁迫,拔节期主要通过减缓各级根系的生长并增加根的分级数来响应干旱胁迫。     

甜瓜质地差异及相关细胞壁酶活性变化

对两种不同质地类型甜瓜果实发育过程中果肉质地的变化及相关酶活性进行研究。结果表明,花后35~40 d为软、脆两种甜瓜质地形成的关键时期。在该时期,软肉型甜瓜‘NSL’细胞面积与间隙增大,果肉细胞排列疏松,细胞面积为脆肉型甜瓜的115.35%,软肉型甜瓜‘NSL’与脆肉型甜瓜‘XZM’质构参数差异显著,脆肉型甜瓜果实4种细胞壁酶活性总体低于软肉型甜瓜。花后35 d,软肉型甜瓜‘NSL’细胞壁扩展酶基因(CmEXP3、CmEXP5、CmEXP9)相对表达量为最大值,显著高于脆肉型甜瓜‘XZM’。     

Markers for Predicting Overweight or Obesity of Broodmares

Obesity has become of great concern to all equine community from both veterinary and welfare points of view. For estimating obesity markers of brood mares, 17 mares with body conditions were subjected to blood sampling and ultrasound examination to measure rump fat for 6 consecutive weeks. Body length (L), girth (G), and height (H) were measured to estimate body weight (BW), body fat %, body fat mass (BFM) and body mass index (BMI). Mares were classified into three groups according to body condition score (BCS) and rump fat thickness (RF). Overweight mares (O) had BCS >7 and RF >7 mm, moderate (M) had BCS and RF >3 to ≤7, and emaciated (E) had BCS and RF ≤ 3 mm. Glucose, triglycerides, nitric oxide (NO), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), leptin, ovarian hormones, and thyroid hormones were measured. Results revealed that BCS, G, L, L × G × H, BW, RF, fat %, and BFM correlated significantly (P < .0001) with body condition. Tetraiodothyronine concentrations of E mares were significantly high (P = .04), but triiodothyronine concentrations tended (P = .07) to be low. Insulin (P = .06) and IGF-1 (P = .07) concentrations tended to be high in O mares. Moderate mares had the highest leptin concentrations (P = .007), but E mares had the lowest P4 concentrations (P = .01). Overweight mares had nonsignificantly high glucose, NO, and triglycerides. In conclusion, back fat and morphometric measurements are the easiest and simple assessment of overweight and obesity. Obese and overweight mares showed slight hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia. Hyperleptinemia alone is not indicative of obesity.     

响应面试验优化霍山石斛原球茎增殖培养基

为可持续开发霍山石斛资源，采用响应面法优化霍山石斛原球茎增殖培养基。在单因素试验基础上，根据Box Behnken试验设计原理，采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法，以增殖率为响应值进行回归分析。结果表明，萘乙酸（简称NAA）及6 苄氨基嘌呤（简称6 BA）浓度对增殖率影响最为显著，6 BA与马铃薯两者间交互作用显著，适宜的NAA、6 BA及马铃薯浓度分别为0.05 mg·L-1、0.70 mg·L-1和185 g·L-1，此时增殖率为2 989.82%±205.55%，与模型预测值基本符合。响应面法优化霍山石斛原球茎增殖培养基切实可行。     

不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例对马铃薯根系吸收能力和形态的影响

针对甘肃定西地区马铃薯生产长期大量施用化肥造成马铃薯产量降低、品质下降以及环境污染等问题,通过大田试验,研究了不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例处理对旱地覆膜马铃薯根系吸收能力和形态的影响。结果表明: 不同施用量有机肥氮替代化肥氮处理显著增加了马铃薯根系活力、活跃吸收面积和总吸收面积,且随着替代比例的增加逐渐增加,在有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例达到30%时达到最大值,而后降低;不同施用量有机肥氮替代化肥氮处理对马铃薯根系总根长、根体积、总根尖数和主根直径有显著影响,特别是增加了0~0.50、0.51~1.00和1.01~1.50mm直径范围内马铃薯根系的总根长;施用有机肥的处理显著增加了马铃薯块茎产量,与纯施化肥相比分别提高了11.32%、16.04%、23.53%和12.69%。综上所述,在定西地区,施氮量为纯氮180kg/hm²,氮、磷、钾配比为4:3:3（N:P₂O₅:K₂O）,有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例为30%是最佳施肥模式。